Reference : FM-100.25 - Energy Losses in Bends and Pipe Fittings Module

The FM-100.25 module is designed for the experimental study of pressure losses in various pipe fittings and hydraulic components. This educational system enables the analysis of the effects of direction changes, section variations, and control elements on pressure losses within hydraulic circuits.

The unit allows accurate visualization and measurement of pressure losses in several configurations, including sudden contractions, sudden enlargements, pipe bends, pipe angles, and ball valves.

Educational Applications

• Study of local pressure losses in hydraulic systems
• Analysis of the influence of pipe fittings on fluid flow
• Measurement of pressure variations across hydraulic elements
• Practical training in fluid mechanics and hydraulics
• Laboratory experiments for engineering schools, technical institutes, and vocational training centers

Main Features

• Investigation of pressure losses in various pipe fittings and a ball valve
• Measurement elements include:
  • Sudden contraction
  • Sudden enlargement
  • Pipe bend
  • Segment bend
  • Pipe angle
  • Ball valve
• Annular chambers for precise pressure measurement
• 6 tube manometers for differential pressure display
• Bourdon tube pressure gauge for pressure measurement
• Flow rate measurement provided through the FM 100 base module
• Water supply via FM-100B base module or laboratory water supply

Installation and Supply

The experimental unit can be easily and securely positioned on the working surface of the FM-100B base module. Water supply and flow rate measurement are provided directly by this module, ensuring simple, efficient, and reliable operation in laboratory and educational environments.

Reference : FM-100B

General Description

The FM-100B Fundamental Fluid Mechanics Training Set is a base module designed to supply various experimental units in fluid mechanics. It provides a complete educational platform featuring a closed water circuit with a storage tank, submersible pump, and measuring tank.

This system is ideal for engineering laboratories and technical training environments, enabling hands-on experiments and accurate analysis of hydraulic phenomena, including volumetric flow rate measurement and flow behavior.

Compatible Modules

The FM-100B unit supports the following experimental modules:

• FM-100.02 – Bernoulli’s Principle
• FM-100.03 – Osborne Reynolds Experiment
• FM-100.04 – Flow Measurement Methods
• FM-100.07 – Cavitation Module
• FM-100.08 – Centrifugal Pumps
• FM-100.09 – Series and Parallel Pumps
• FM-100.10 – Measurement of Jet Forces
• FM-100.12 – Pipe Friction (Laminar & Turbulent Flow)
• FM-100.13 – Hydrostatic Pressure in Liquids
• FM-100.14 – Stability of Floating Bodies
• FM-100.17 – Streamline Visualization
• FM-100.21 – Pelton Turbine Module
• FM-100.22 – Francis Turbine Module
• FM-100.23 – Flow Visualization in Channels
• FM-100.25 – Energy Losses in Bends and Fittings
• FM-100.25C – Pressure Losses in Piping Systems

Reference : FM-100.04

Product Description

Flow rate measurement is a fundamental aspect of measurement technology. The FM-100.04 experimental unit enables students to explore, understand, and apply various flow measurement methods in pipe systems.

Featuring transparent components and integrated measuring instruments, this unit allows direct visualization of internal processes, enhancing practical learning and comprehension of fluid mechanics principles.

Educational Applications

This unit is ideal for:

• Fluid mechanics laboratory experiments
• Technical and engineering education
• Demonstration of flow measurement principles
• Comparative analysis of measurement devices

Reference : FM-100.10

General Description

The FM-100.10 is an educational and experimental unit designed to study forces generated by fluid jets. When a flowing fluid is accelerated, decelerated, or deflected, its velocity changes, resulting in a variation of momentum and consequently producing measurable forces.

In practical engineering applications, these forces are used to convert kinetic energy into mechanical work, such as in Pelton turbines.

Operating Principle

The unit generates a water jet directed at interchangeable deflectors. The jet is deflected at different angles, producing forces that can be measured.

The jet force is adjusted by varying the flow rate. Experiments allow investigation of:

• The influence of flow velocity
• The effect of flow rate
• The impact of different deflection angles

Measured forces are compared with theoretical values calculated using the momentum equation.

Scope of Delivery

• Transparent tank for visual observation
• Nozzle for jet generation
• 4 interchangeable deflectors
• Weight-loaded scale for force measurement
• Set of calibrated weights

Installation & Compatibility

The unit is designed for easy and secure placement on the FM-100B base module.

Water supply and flow rate measurement are provided by the base module. Alternatively, the unit can be operated using a laboratory water supply.

Référence : FM-151

Reference : FM-100.02

Product Description

The FM-100.02 experimental unit is designed to demonstrate Bernoulli’s principle, which describes the relationship between fluid flow velocity and pressure. According to this principle, an increase in flow velocity results in a decrease in static pressure, while the total pressure remains constant. This is a direct application of the conservation of energy in fluid flow.

This educational unit is ideal for technical training and laboratory environments, enabling clear visualization and accurate measurement of pressure variations within a Venturi nozzle.

Installation and Supply

The experimental unit can be easily and securely positioned on the working surface of the FM-100B base module. Water supply and flow rate measurement are provided directly by this module, ensuring simple, efficient, and reliable operation in laboratory and educational environments.

Reference : FM-303

Référence : FM-100.12

General Description

The FM-100.12 experimental unit is designed for the detailed study of pressure losses in pipes under both laminar and turbulent flow conditions. During fluid flow through pipes, pressure losses occur due to internal fluid friction as well as friction between the fluid and the pipe wall.

This unit enables the determination of the friction factor, a dimensionless parameter essential for calculating pressure losses. The friction factor is closely related to the Reynolds number, which represents the ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces.

The system allows analysis of the relationship between pressure loss and flow velocity, as well as experimental determination and comparison of friction factors with theoretical values.

Operating Principle

The unit includes a small-diameter pipe section where both laminar and turbulent flows can be generated. The Reynolds number and friction factor are determined based on measured flow rate and pressure losses.

In turbulent flow conditions, the pipe is directly supplied from the water network. For laminar flow, a constant pressure is maintained using a standpipe with overflow. Flow rate is controlled using valves.

Experiments

• Measurement of pressure losses in laminar flow
• Measurement of pressure losses in turbulent flow
• Determination of critical Reynolds number
• Determination of pipe friction factor
• Comparison of experimental and theoretical friction factors

Reference : FM-230- Flow Through Pipes and Fittings Training System

The FM-230 training system is designed for the experimental study of head losses in pipes and hydraulic fittings. This educational unit enables students and technicians to analyze fluid behavior in different piping systems, evaluate pressure losses, and study the hydraulic characteristics of valves and pipe components.

The equipment is particularly suitable for fluid mechanics laboratories, applied hydraulics, process engineering education, and technical training centers.

Main Features

• Study of pressure losses in piping systems.
• Pressure measurement without interaction through annular chambers.
• Transparent measuring elements for flow visualization and flow rate determination.
• Smooth pipes with different diameters.
• Rough pipe with known roughness for surface effect studies.
• Variable flow rates for different experimental conditions.

Educational Objectives and Experiments

• Investigation of head losses in pipes, pipe elements, and hydraulic fittings.
• Analysis of the effect of flow velocity on pressure losses.
• Determination of resistance and loss coefficients.
• Study of the opening characteristics of angle seat valves and gate valves.
• Familiarization with different flow measurement devices.
• Study of Venturi nozzle operation.
• Study of an orifice plate flow meter or measuring nozzle.

Reference : FM-204

Overview

The FM-204 is a training unit designed for the comprehensive study of pressure losses in piping systems. It enables the visualization and analysis of hydraulic resistance effects caused by pipe elements such as elbows, valves, and cross-section variations.

With its modular design and interchangeable components, this system is ideal for technical and higher education laboratories.

When water flows through a piping system, hydraulic resistances lead to pressure losses, particularly at fittings, valves, and other pipe components.

The FM-204 unit is designed to study and visualize these pressure losses in various piping elements. This experimental setup enables the analysis of how different pipe geometries influence fluid flow.

Equipment Description

The FM-204 experimental unit consists of a pipe section incorporating several elements with different flow resistances, as well as contraction and expansion sections. A ball valve is also integrated into the system.

Pressure measuring points equipped with annular chambers are positioned upstream and downstream of the pipe elements to ensure accurate pressure measurements.

These measuring points can be connected in pairs to six tube manometers, allowing the determination of pressure losses across each piping element.

Educational Applications

- Study of major and minor pressure losses
- Flow analysis in different materials and pipe diameters
- Understanding pressure and flow behavior
- Practical training in measurement and instrumentation
- Fluid mechanics laboratory experiments

Reference : FM-150.08 - Bernoulli’s Theorem and Flow Measurement

Overview

The training unit is designed to demonstrate Bernoulli’s theorem and to perform flow measurement calculations using a variety of flow measurement devices.

Features

This self-contained system includes its own storage tank, integrated pump, and support frame, allowing it to operate independently without the need for external equipment.

Référence : FM-100.08

General Description

The FM-100.08 is an experimental unit designed for the comprehensive study of centrifugal pumps. This turbomachine enables users to understand fluid transport principles and to record typical pump characteristic curves.

The unit includes a self-priming centrifugal pump, a ball valve on the outlet side, and manometers on both inlet and outlet sides. It is powered by an asynchronous motor with continuously adjustable speed via a frequency converter.

Benefits

• Ideal for education and technical training
• Clear visualization of pump performance
• Precise and easy adjustments
• Robust and safe design

Installation and Supply

The experimental unit can be easily and securely positioned on the working surface of the FM-100B base module. Water supply and flow rate measurement are provided directly by this module, ensuring simple, efficient, and reliable operation in laboratory and educational environments.

Reference : DM-102

Overview

The DM-102 Pump Variations Training Set is a comprehensive educational system designed for the study and analysis of various pump types and their operating principles.

Educational applications

• Study of centrifugal and positive displacement pumps
• Comparison of pump types
• Series and parallel operation
• Pipeline pressure losses
• Performance measurement (flow, pressure, torque, power)

Integrated pump types

Centrifugal pumps

Two centrifugal pumps allowing individual, series, or parallel operation.

Piston pump

Positive displacement pump for controlled flow experiments.

Side-channel pump

Self-priming, capable of handling gases depending on liquid level.

Drive system

Each pump is driven by a three-phase AC motor. Speed control is achieved via frequency converters.

Additional position

One free position with reversible motor allows integration of additional pumps.

Reference : FM-100.25C - Pressure Losses in Piping Systems

The FM-100.25C module is designed for the analysis and investigation of pressure losses in piping systems and hydraulic components. It enables the visualization and measurement of pressure variations generated by different pipe elements, making it an ideal educational solution for fluid mechanics, hydraulics, and process engineering laboratories.

Educational and Experimental Applications

The system allows the study of pressure losses caused by various piping components and flow control elements, including:

• Sudden contraction
• Sudden enlargement
• Standard pipe bend
• Segment bend
• 90° pipe angle
• Ball valve

Integrated annular chambers ensure accurate static pressure measurements at different points of the hydraulic circuit.

Main Features

• Investigation of pressure losses in pipes and hydraulic fittings
• Visualization of pressure variations across different piping elements
• Accurate pressure measurement using annular chambers
• 6 tube manometers for differential pressure display
• Bourdon tube pressure gauge for pressure measurement
• Flow rate measurement via the FM-100B base module
• Water supply through the FM-100B module or laboratory water supply

Reference : FM-100.07

Product Description

The FM-100.07 is an educational unit designed to demonstrate cavitation phenomena in fluid systems. Cavitation occurs when the static pressure drops to the vapor pressure due to increased flow velocity, leading to the formation of vapor bubbles.

These bubbles collapse when pressure rises again, making the process observable and measurable.

Installation and Supply

The experimental unit can be easily and securely positioned on the working surface of the FM-100B base module. Water supply and flow rate measurement are provided directly by this module, ensuring simple, efficient, and reliable operation in laboratory and educational environments.

Reference : FM-100.03

General Description

The FM-100.03 - Osborne Reynolds Experiment is a didactic training unit designed to clearly demonstrate the flow characteristics of liquids. It enables the visualization of laminar and turbulent flow regimes through a vertical representation of flow lines.

Educational Benefits

• Direct visualization of fluid dynamics phenomena
• Clear understanding of flow regimes
• Safe and easy operation
• Ideal for teaching laboratories and technical training centers

Applications

• Fluid mechanics education
• Hydraulic engineering laboratory work
• Academic demonstrations
• Technical and university training programs